Démocrates D, a French rap hardcore group from Montfermeil's Bosquets neighborhood, was founded in 1989 by Black Jack (Hassane Soumahoro) and included members such as Inspector L, Master Po, and JL. Their debut demo Censure was released in 1991 but banned in France; it was distributed exclusively in Africa by Jimmy Productions. The group's breakthrough came with the single "Le Crime" in 1994 and the album La Voie du peuple in 1995, produced by Jimmy Jay, DJ Seeq, and Hubert Blanc-Francard of Cassius. The album received significant attention, including a cover feature in L'Affiche magazine. In 2003, Black Jack released his solo album Black Jack under MK2 Music/Warner France.
